International Conference on Brain Disorders and Therapeutics August 24-26, 2015 London, UK

Adela Penesova has completed her PhD in 2006 (Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia) and she was a Post-doctoral fellow at Obesity and Diabetes Clinical\r\nResearch Section, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health (NIH), Phoenix, AZ, USA. She is a Senior Scientist in a\r\nCenter of Molecular medicine, SAS, and teacher for Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Slovakia. She has published more than 33 papers\r\nin reputed journals and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member of repute for Endocrine Regulation.

Insulin also plays a role in neuron growth, neuroplasticity, and neuro modulation. It has been hypothesized that in vivo\r\nimpaired insulin functions may be involved in pathogenesis of demyelinating disease. There are limited data regarding\r\nglucose metabolism dysregulation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Present study investigates glucose and insulin metabolism in\r\nnewly diagnosed MS patients in association to inflammatory markers. We examined 19 MS patients and 19 age, sex and body\r\nmass index (BMI) matched healthy controls. MS patients were newly diagnosed, untreated and with low Expanded Disability\r\nStatus Scale (EDSS) score (1.1±0.7). Plasma glucose, lactate, insulin and GLP-1 were measured during oral glucose tolerance\r\ntest. Fasting adipokines, lipid and inflammatory parameters were analyzed. Insulin sensitivity indices (ISI) were calculated.\r\nMS patients had comparable fasting and post-load glucose concentrations as controls. Insulin response to oral glucose load\r\nin MS was increased (p=0.022). Insulin sensitivity was lower in MS compared to controls [ISI (Matsuda) p=0.011 and ISI\r\n(Cederholm) p=0.032]. We did not find any difference in inflammatory parameters (interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor,\r\nC-reactive protein), nor in lactate, GLP-1, total, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, resistin, leptin, adiponectin levels\r\nbetween groups. We found decreased insulin sensitivity with postprandial hyperinsulinemia in MS patients, which seems not\r\nto be related to chronic inflammation or physical inactivity. The role of hyperinsulinemia in CNS function impairment and\r\ninsulin sensitizing therapy for better remyelination repair should be further investigated.

Gerald Dieter Griffin has an extensive background in clinical and basic research as well as in clinical medicine. In addition to his medical practice he currently\r\nconducts clinical research on traumatic brain injury and offers his services as a consultant to various biotechnology companies. His specific research interests include\r\nTBI, the immune response and infection in TBI/stroke, the molecular/immune events of PTSD and treatments. He is retired from the Army giving more than 40 years\r\nof distinguished service as an Active Duty and Army Reserve Soldier. As such, he has extensive knowledge of research being conducted in a military setting.

Several themes supported by a robust literature are addressed in this clinical translational review and research paper: The\r\ninadequate standard of care for minimal Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)/concussion when compared to stroke because\r\ndiagnosis and care for mTBI/concussion are based primarily on a symptom only framework; the treatment of stroke (brain\r\ninjury) with select antibiotics; the use of beta blockade in stroke (brain injury). The various etiologies of brain injury appear\r\nto coalesce to common endpoints: Potential neuronal demise, cognitive and functional losses, immune suppression and\r\ninfection. The use of principles patterned after ‘Koch’s Postulates’ (show/prove the presence of infection/illness/disease, treat\r\nuntil resolved appears to be marginalized in establishing a diagnosis and recovery from mTBI/TBI. The pathways of immune\r\nsystem interactions in stroke (brain injury) and infection are briefly discussed. The suggestion of combined specific antibiotic\r\nand beta blockade for ischemic stroke (brain injury) and mTBI is advanced for treatment and expeditious further study. Stroke\r\nis considered a brain injury in this paper. Stroke is also considered and recommended as a study model for mTBI therapy\r\nbecause of their common end points from brain damage. It is suggested that potential transfer or translation of therapy for\r\nstroke may be useful in mTBI.

Ivan V Maksimovich, MD, is a ISTAART member, Head Physician of Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases named after Most Holy John Tobolsky (Moscow, Russia)\r\nsince 1993. One of the major problems the clinic deals with is the diagnosis and treatment of various brain lesions including Alzheimer’s disease.

Background: The research investigates the possibility of treating patients suffering from chronic atherosclerotic lesions of the\r\nbrain by means of transcatheter cerebral revascularization.\r\nMethods: We examined 946 patients aged 29-81 (average age 74) with various types of cerebral atherosclerotic lesions not\r\nburdened with stroke: 701 male (74.10%), 245 female (25.90%) patients. The examination plan included CDR assessment,\r\nMMSE, IB, cerebral CT, MRI, scintigraphy (SG), rheoencephalography (REG), cerebral MUGA.248 (26.22%) patients had\r\nminor disorders of cerebral circulation;698 (73.78%) patients had chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency. According to the type\r\nof atherosclerotic lesion, patients were divided into: Intracranial type-435 (45.98%); mixed type-425 (44.93%) and extracranial\r\ntype-86 (9.09%).568 (60.04%) patients underwent transcatheter treatment-Test Group.378 (39.96%) patients underwent\r\nconservative treatment-Control Group. To conduct transcatheter revascularization of both extra and intracranial arteries,\r\nhigh-energy pulsed lasers were used for the revascularization of distal intracranial branches; low energy continuous lasers\r\nwere used.\r\nResults: Test Group: Good immediate angiographic outcome-restoration of the patency and lumen of the affected vessels,\r\ncollateral revascularization was achieved in 546 (96.13%) cases. In the early postoperative period, the results depended on\r\nischemic injury severity and the timing of transcatheter intervention. Good clinical outcome (complete recovery of mental and\r\nmotor functions)-459 (80.81%) patients; satisfactory clinical outcome (incomplete recovery of mental and motor functions)-91\r\n(16.02%) patients; relatively satisfactory clinical outcome (partial recovery of mental and motor functions)-18 (3.17%) patients\r\nand relatively positive clinical outcome (no negative trend with slight mental and motor functions reduction) was not obtained\r\nin any case. Control Group: Good clinical outcome was not obtained in any case; satisfactory clinical outcome-65 (17.20%)\r\npatients; relatively satisfactory clinical outcome-121 (32.01%) patients and relatively positive clinical outcome-192 (50.79%)\r\npatients.\r\nConclusion: In the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions of the brain, cerebral transcatheter revascularization is more effective\r\nthan the therapeutic method. It can significantly reduce the level of cognitive and motor disorders and dementia allowing\r\npatients to return to active daily life.

Ivan V Maksimovich, MD, is a ISTAART member, Head Physician of Clinic of Cardiovascular Diseases named after Most Holy John Tobolsky (Moscow, Russia)\r\nsince 1993. One of the major problems the clinic deals with is the diagnosis and treatment of various brain lesions including Alzheimer’s disease.

Background: The research is devoted to long-term results (2-10 years) of the treatment of patients with chronic atherosclerotic\r\nbrain lesions who previously underwent either transcatheter cerebral revascularization or conservative treatment.\r\nMethods: 946 patients were treated: 568 (60.04%)-transcatheter cerebral revascularization (Test Group), 378\r\n(39.96%)-conservative treatment (Control Group).482 patients aged 35-85 (average age 76) were re-examined. Of these,\r\n286(59.34%) patients had undergone transcatheter cerebral revascularization, 196 (40.66%)-conservative treatment. The\r\nexamination plan included: CDR, MMSE, IB assessment (all patients);cerebral CT, MRI, scintigraphy (SG), rheoencephalography\r\n(REG) (all patients);cerebral MUGA (72 (12.68%) Test Group patients and 34 (9.00%) (Control Group).\r\nResults: Test Group: Good clinical outcome-459 of which re-examined-228, results maintained-212 (92.98%); satisfactory\r\nclinical outcome-91, re-examined-52, results maintained-48 (92.31%); relatively satisfactory clinical outcome-18, reexamined-\r\n6, results maintained-5 (83.33%); reduction of hypotrophic symptoms in the brain-254 (88.81%); preservation\r\nof cerebral blood flow rate and perfusional blood filling-243 (84.97%); preservation of the lumen and patency of restored\r\nvessels, increased collateral revascularization - 69 (95.83%). Control Group: Satisfactory clinical outcome was initially obtained\r\nin 65 cases, of which 36 were re-examined, results maintained-14 (38.88%); relatively satisfactory clinical outcome-121, reexamined-\r\n74, results maintained-34(45.95%); relatively positive clinical outcome-192, re-examined-86, results maintained-40\r\n(46.51%); growing of hypotrophic brain symptoms-137 (69.90%); reduction of cerebral blood flow rate and perfusional blood\r\nfilling-128 (65.31%) and further atherosclerosis progression-31 (91.18%).\r\nConclusion: In the long-term period (2-10 years after the treatment), transcatheter cerebral revascularization can restore brain\r\nblood flow and in contrast to the conservative method demonstrates high and stable clinical results maintained for a long time.

Petrova E S is a Senior Researcher of IEM. She graduated from the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) State University. Her thesis was devoted to neurotransplantationrnof fetal brain (1991). She is co-author of 40 scientific articles indexed in Scopus. Research interests are histogenesis and regeneration of nerve tissue,rnneurotransplantation

At present, the experimental elaborations of cellular technologies to stimulate nerve regeneration are carried out actively.rnThere is evidence that the neural stem/progenitor cells, as well as fragments of embryonic rat brain promote the growthrnof the recipient regenerating axons after transplantation into the nerve or a conduit. However, the fate of the transplantedrncells: their differentiation and their neurotransmitter nature are poorly understood. In the present study, different subsets ofrninterneurons in the rats Wistar rat neocortex and in neocortical transplants developing in damaged nerve were studied. Thernfragments of the wall of the anterior cerebral vesicle of rat embryo (E 14) were transplanted into the crushed sciatic nerve ofrnadult rats (n=15). The interneurons were identified by the following immunohistochemical markers: glutamate decarboxylasern(GAD 67) for GABA-ergic nerve cells, NO-synthase (NOS) - for NO-ergic neurons, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) - forrncholinergic cells. It has been shown that the majority of interneurons in the motor and the somatosensory cortex of rats (P 20)rnare GAD-67- immunoreactive (ir). They are located in all layers of the neocortex, have different sizes and long processes. Singlerncholinergic neurons are located in all layers of the rat neocortex, but mostly in the upper layers. They are usually bipolar andrnhave long processes (70-80 μm) directed perpendicularly to the surface of the brain. One month after surgery the individualrnGAD 67-ir, NO- ir, and ChAT- ir cells were detected in the graft. Thus, a part of progenitor cells retains their characteristicrnphenotype and the ability to synthesize the neurotransmitter in the changing microenvironment. However, in contrast to thernneurons developing in situ the transplanted interneurons did not reach differentiation of neurons. They had few cytoplasmrnand short processes.

Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Peterburg

Currently, a major problem in diagnosis of mental activity is the lack of objective instrumental criteria markers of mentalrndisorders. At the same time long known EEG method widely used in neurological practice in the last two decades hasrnopened a new way. There are new opportunities for functional data analysis and identifying the source of the EEG signalrnthat allows fundamentally different possibilities for comparing the parameters of patients with mental disorders and healthyrnsubjects, in order to understand neurophysiological basis of clinical disorders. In our study we used the method of independentrncomponents (ICA) for cognitive evoked potentials (ERP). It is based on the assumption that the sources of the signals arernstatistically independent despite the components are generated simultaneously by different sources. In our work we used arnmodified test of GO-NOGO paradigm. The essence of the paradigm is in equally probable and random presentation of thernconditions for two categories, for one of which (Go stimulus) subject must respond for example by pressing a button and onrnthe other (NOGO stimulus) should not react. In this ERP study 5 latent components with the largest amplitude and the largestrndifference (in terms of statistical significance) between groups of patients with depressive disorder and normative group. Alsornwe have found violations of the selected five components in different ages groups of depressive patients from healthy subjects.rnThis suggests that a specific pattern of changes in these parameters of the brain functioning is the same in patients of all agesrnand given the high statistical significance of differences with normative data can be regarded as a physiological marker of therndisease. The ICA method for event-related potentials in medical practice potentially will facilitate diagnosis and improve itsrnaccuracy.