Brain Disorders and Therapeutics

Brain cancer is a disease of the brain in which cancer cells (malignant cells) arise in the brain tissue (cancer of the brain). Cancer cells grow to form a mass of cancer tissue (tumor) that interferes with brain functions such as muscle control, sensation, memory, and other normal body functions. Tumors composed of cancer cells are called malignant tumors, and those composed of mainly noncancerous cells are called benign tumors. Cancer cells that develop from brain tissue are called primary brain tumors while tumors that spread from other body sites to the brain are termed metastatic or secondary brain tumors. Only about 5% of brain tumors may be due to hereditary genetic conditions such as neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and a few others.

Any disorder happen at the body nervous system is called as Neurological Disorders. Abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves like Structural, biochemical or electrical can result as symptoms sometime. Neurological disorder symptoms might be loss of sensation, Poor Coordination, muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion, pain and altered levels of consciousness. Causes for the neurological disorder can be biochemical changes and sometimes can be physical injury to the brain, spinal cord, or nerves. But in some case the root cause can’t be determined only effects are seen.

Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system. Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of these two complex systems during development, homeostasis, and response to injuries. A long-term goal of this rapidly developing research area is to further develop our understanding of the pathology of certain neurological diseases, some of which have no clear etiology. Neuroimmunology contributes to development of new pharmacological treatments for several neurological conditions. Many types of interactions involve both the nervous and immune systems including the physiological functioning of the two systems in health and disease, malfunction of either and or both systems that leads to disorders, and the physical, chemical, and environmental stressors that affect the two systems on a daily basis

Neurosurgery being a practical procedure for treating brain diseases and injuries has seen profound, unending advances in terms of the tools and technology used. These advances promise to enhance the accuracy of diagnosis and intraoperative procedures. Neurosurgery has come a long way from being regarded as one of the most complex procedures in the medical field to advances in simulation technology where neurosurgeons will be able to practice a surgical procedure or augment the actual surgery.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is sudden damage to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head. Common causes include car or motorcycle crashes, falls, sports injuries, and assaults. Injuries can range from mild concussions to severe permanent brain damage. TBI may require intensive care and life-saving surgery. Those who survive a brain injury can face lasting effects in their physical and mental abilities as well as emotions and personality. Most people who suffer moderate to severe TBI will need rehabilitation to recover and relearn skills.    

Mental retardation, is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn new skills, but they learn them more slowly. There are varying degrees of intellectual disability, from mild to profound.

Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the nervous tissue. It may be initiated in response to a variety of cues, including infection, traumatic brain injury, toxic metabolites, or autoimmunity. In the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord, microglia are the resident innate immune cells that are activated in response to these cues. The CNS is typically an immunologically privileged site because peripheral immune cells are generally blocked by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a specialized structure composed of astrocytes and endothelial cells.

Brain disorder occurs when there is a damage or disruption to the brain or brains function after the birth of an individual. Damaged brain will causes changes in the memory, sensation and sometimes even at personality. It can occur due to falls, accidents, assault, lack of oxygen, concussion and other trauma which causes a brain diseases like Alzheimer's disease and other dementia, degenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease and brain tumors. Intelligence is usually not affected by disorder, although there are usually cognitive changes such as problems with memory, concentration and attention. Brain disorders are considered as serious health problem facing by the society.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) secures the brain and spinal cord. CSF spills happen through a correspondence between the covering of the Brain and the nose. These correspondences may happen suddenly or result from injury or earlier sinonasal surgery. Entanglements may happen if the reason is surgery or injury. Diseases after surgery or injury can prompt meningitis and genuine intricacies, for example, swelling of the Brain. Most CSF spills are a complexity of a spinal tap or surgery. This session directs the attention to brain complications due to intricacies of the CSF.

In Medical terms Complication is referred as unfavorable condition of a disease or worst consequences of particular disease causing high risk health problems. Traumatic brain injury sometimes increases the risk of complication greater like Coma (unconscious), Vegetative state (Widespread damage to the brain), minimally conscious state (altered consciousness), Locked-in syndrome (Locked in-state), Brain death (brain cell death).In case of Brain Cancer sometimes life life-threatening complications happens For example Sudden death due to the obstructed flow of cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and sometimes sever complications like paralysis, loss of vision, loss of speech, unconsciousness by the sudden Hemorrhagic stroke.